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The Interphone study is the name given to a series of multi-national case-control studies to assess whether RF exposure from mobile phones is associated with cancer risk. The International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC) has coordinated the study. Other potential environmental and endogenous risk factors are also being examined. The types of cancer studied were acoustic neuroma, glioma, meningioma, and tumours of the parotid gland. Participating countries are Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the UK. The principal investigators of the INTERPHONE study published a paper that provided details of the design and epidemiological methods, as well as a description of the population included in the study (Cardis et al., 2007). The population included 2,765 glioma, 2,425 meningioma, 1,121 acoustic neuroma, 109 malignant parotid gland tumour cases and 7,658 controls. The paper discussed potential recall and participation biases and their impact on the results. Others papers have also been published on (1) the validation of short term recall of mobile phone use for the Interphone study, (2) the effects of recall errors and of selection bias, (3) and the recall bias in the assessment of exposure to mobile phones from a retrospective validation study. A publication on the distribution of RF energy emitted by mobile phones in anatomical structures of the brain was also recently published in 2008(4). Results of national studies have been published since 2004 and are summarized below in Tables (a,b,c). The combined analyses of the 13 countries participating in the INTERPHONE study have been finalized and the results are expected to be published in a peer-reviewed journal by the end of 2008. The Interphone study group is currently working on detailed analyses for future publications such as precise localization of brain tumours using 3-dimensional radiological grid, the health effect of radiofrequency exposure at the exact location of the tumor by using a gradient of radiofrequency. Determinants of mobile phone output power from a software-modified phone (SMP) study is also in preparation. Results from both the prospective and retrospective validation studies and also data obtained from the simulation study of recall and selection bias will help make any adjustment for exposure measurement errors on cancer risk related to mobile phone use. More information can be obtained at www.iarc.fr - follow the links to "IARC Scientific Structure" and "Radiation Group". The Tables summarise the Interphone studies of brain tumours, including acoustic neuroma and tumours of the parotid gland.. (For complete results of studies of brain tumours, see the main menu of "Epidemiology".) a) Glioma
d) Tumours of the parotid gland
Other Interphone publications: Schuz
(2006c) also investigated the association between exposure to the base
stations of cordless phones and the risk of brain cancer. No increased
risk was found. Schlehofer et al. (2007) used Interphone data to analyze potential environmental risk factors for acoustic neuroma. While there was no risk for ionizing radiation or for cell phone use, they found increased risks for persistent noise and for hay fever history.
Berg
G, Spallek J, Schuz J, Schlefor B, et al. (2006): Occupational exposure
to radio frequency/microwave radiation and the risk of brain tumours:
Interphone study group, Germany. Cardis E, Deltour I, Mann S, Moissonnier M, Taki M,Varsier N, Wake K, Wiart J. (2008). Distribution of RF energy emitted by mobile phones in anatomical structures of the brain. Phys. Med. Biol. 53:2771–2783. Christensen
HC, Schuz J, Kosteljanetz M, Skovgard H, et al. (2004): Cellular telephone
use and risk of acoustic neuroma. Am J Epidemiol 159:277-283 Hepworth
SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, Swerdlow AJ, et al. (2006): Mobile phone
use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study. BMJ (published
online 20 January) Hours M, Montestrucq L, Arslan M, Bernard M, El Hadjimoussa H, Vrijheid M, Deltour I, Cardis E. (2007): Validation des outils utilizes pour la mesure de la consommation téléphonique mobile dans l’étude INTERPHONE en France. Environnement, Risques & Santé 6(2):101-109. Hours M, Bernard M, Montestrucq L, Arslan M, et al. (2007): Téléphone
mobile, risque de tumeurs cérébrales et du nerf vestibulaacoustique:
l'étude cas-témojns INTERPHONE en France. (Cell phones
and risk of brain and acoustic nerve tumours: the French INTERPHONE
case-control study). Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique
2007, doi: 10.10.16/j.respe.2007.06.002 Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, Tynes T (2007): Use of mobile phones in Norway
and risk of intracranial tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev 16:158-164 Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, Schoemaker MJ, et al. (2007): Mobile
phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. Int J Cancer
120:1769-1775. Lahkola A, Salminen T, Raitanen J, Heinävaara S, Schoemaker M, Christensen HC, Feychting M, Johansen C, Klæboe L, Lönn S, Swerdlow A, Tynes T, Auvinen A. Meningioma and mobile phone use--a collaborative case-control study in five North European countries. Int J Epidemiol. Aug 2, 2008 Ahead of print. Lonn
S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M (2004): Mobile phone use and the risk
of acoustic neuroma. Epidemiology 15:653-659. Lonn
S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M, et al. (2005): Long-term mobile phone
use and brain tumour risk. Amer J Epidemiol 161:526-535. Lonn
S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, Johansen C, et al. Mobile phone use and
risk of parotid gland tumor. Am J Epidemiol:2006;164:637-643. Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Jarus-Hakak A, Cardis E, Deutch
Y, Duvdevani S, Zultan A, Novikov A, Freedman L, Wolf M. Cellular
Phone Use and Risk of Benign and Malignant Parotid Gland Tumors—A
Nationwide Case-Control Study American Journal of Epidemiology Ahead
of print December 6, 2007 Schoemaker
MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Ahlbom A, Auvinen A, et al. (2005): Mobile phone use
and risk of acoustic neuroma: results of the Interphone case-control
study in five North European countries. British Journal of Cancer 2005;93:842-848. Schuz
J, Bohler E, Berg G, Schlehofer B, et al. (2006a): Cellular phones,
Cordless phones, and the risks of glioma and meningioma (Interphone
study group, Germany). Am J Epidemiol 163:512-520. Schuz
J, Bohler E, Schlehofer B, Berg K, et al. (2006c): Radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields emitted from base stations of DECT cordless phones and the risk
of glioma and meningioma (Interphone study group, Germany). Radiat Res
166:116-119. Takebayashi
T, Akiba S, Kikuchi Y, Taki M, et al. Mobile phone use and acoustic
neuroma risk in Japan. Occup Environ Med: Published online 15 August
2006. Takebayashi T, Varsier N, Kikuchi Y, Wake K, Taki M, Watanabe S, Akiba S, Yamaguchi N. Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 2008 98(3):652-659. Epub ahead of print Feb 5 2008. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604214 Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Armstrong BK, Auvinen A, et al. (2006a): Validation of short term recall of mobile phone use for the Interphone study. Occup Environ Med 63:237-243. Vrijheid M, Deltour I, Krewski D, Sanchez M, et al. (2006b): The effects of recall errors and of selection bias in epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, advance online publication 14 June, 2006. Vrijheid M, Armstrong BK, Bedard D, Brown J, Deltour E, Iavarone I, Krewski D, Lagorio S, Moore S, Richarson L, Giles G, McBride M, Parent M-E, Siemiatycki J, Cardis E. (2008): Recall bias in the assessment of exposure to mobile phones Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 1–13.
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