Research - Epidemiological - Cell Phone Studies

Studies examining cell phone use:

A) Brain cancer (Glioma ± Meningioma, unless otherwise stated)

Dreyer (1999) – Mortality from brain cancer (cohort study)
Hardell (1999, 2000, 2002a,b, 2003a,b, 2005a,b, 2006a,b,c,2007, 2008)
Inskip (2001)
Muscat (2000, 2002)
Auvinen (2002)
Christensen (2004) - Acoustic neuroma (Interphone study)
Lonn (2004) - Acoustic neuroma (Interphone study)
Lonn (2005) - Interphone study
Christensen (2005) – Interphone study
Schoemaker (2005) - Acoustic neuroma (Interphone study)
Schoemaker (2009) – Pituitary tumors (Interphone study)
Hepworth (2006) - Interphone study
Schuz (2006a) - Interphone study
Schuz (2006d) – Danish cellular telephone users (cohort study)
Takebayashi (2006) - Acoustic neuroma (Interphone study)
Klaeboe (2007) - Interphone study
Lahkola (2006, 2007, 2008) - Interphone study
Schlehofer (2007) - Acoustic neuroma (Interphone study)
Hours (2007) - Interphone study
Mild (2007) - pooled analysis of 2 case-control studies
Takebayashi (2008) - Interphone study
Kan (2008) - meta-analysis of 9 case-control studies
Hartikka (2009) - case-case analysis of 99 gliomas

B) Other cancer

Johansen (2001) - all cancers
Johansen (2002) - malignant melanoma of the eye
Warren (2003) - facial nerve tumour
Hardell (2004) - salivary gland tumour
Lonn (2006) - salivary gland tumour (Interphone study)
Linet (2006) - non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Schuz (2006b) - all cancers - cordless phones (Interphone study)
Schuz (2006d) - Danish cellular telephone users (cohort study)
Hardell (2006) - testicular tumour
Sadetzki (2008) - benign and malignant parotid gland tumours (Interphone study)
Stang (2009) - uveal melanoma
Kaufman (2009) adult leukemia

Table 1: The Table below summarizes these studies (apart from Johansen 2002, which was an ecological study, and those that dealt exclusively with acoustic neuroma, which are considered in Table 2): * indicates statistically significant odds ratio/risk estimates

Reference

Study type, population,
and size

Exposure type Identification

Cancer type

Risk estimates
(95% CIsconfidence intervals (CI))

Dreyer 1999

Cohort
285,561

Records of 2 service providers in the US. Users of handheld MPs were compared with users of non-handheld MPs (considered as unexposed)

Mortality from brain cancer
Non-handheld

Handheld (<2min/day)
Handheld (>=2min/day)
Handheld (<=3years)
Handheld(>3 years)

6 deaths in total

Standardized mortality rate 2 /100,000 PY (person-years)

3.7/100,000 PY

0 /100,000 PY

1.4 /100,000 PY
8.4/100,000 PY

Hardell 1999

Case-control
209 cases
425 controls

Cell phone use
Phone interview

Brain tumour

0.98 (0.69-1.41)

Hardell 2000

As above

As above + other exposures

Temporo-parietal-occipital tumours

2.62 (1.02-6.71)
on same side
as cell phone use

Muscat 2000

Case-control
469 cases
422 controls

Cell phone useInterview

Brain tumour

0.85 (0.6-1.2)

Inskip 2001

Case-control
782 cases(489 gliomas, 197 meningiomas)
799 controls

Cell phone useInterview

Brain tumourGliomas Meningiomas

1.0 (0.6-1.5)
1.0 (0.7-1.4)
0.8 (0.5-1.2)

Johansen2001

Cohort
420,095

List of cell phone subscribers

All cancers
Brain tumour
Leukaemia

0.89 (0.86-0.92)
0.95 (0.81-1.12)
0.97 (0.78-1.21)

Auvinen2002

Case-control
398 cases
5 controls per case

List of cell phone subscribers

Brain tumours
Salivary gland

1.3 (0.9-1.9)
1.3 (0.9-4.7)

Hardell
2002 a,b
2003 a,b

Case-control
1303 matched pairs

Interview

Brain
tumour
Temporal, on same side as cell phone use
Acoustic neuroma

1.3* (1.02-1.6) - analogue
2.5* (1.3-4.9)
3.5* (1.8-6.8)

Warren
2003

Case-control 18 cases 192 controls

Phone interview

Intratemporal facial nerve tumour

0.6 (0.2-1.9)

Hardell 2004

Case-control 267 cases, 4 controls per case

Questionnaire, supplemented by phone interview

Salivary gland tumour

0.92 (0.58-1.44) - analogue
1.01 (0.68-1.50) - digital

Lonn 2005

Case-control 371 glioma 273 meningioma 674 controls

Personal interview, some by phone or paper qu'aire

Glioma
= 10 yrs

Meningioma
= 10 yrs

0.8 (0.6-1.0)
0.9 (0.5-1.6)

0.7* (0.5-0.9)
0.7 (0.3-1.6)

Christensen 2005

Case-control 252 glioma 175 meningioma 822 controls

Personal interviews

Glioma Meningioma

0.71 (0.50-1.01)
0.83 (0.54-1.28)

Hardell 2005

Case control 1429 cases 1470 controls

Qu'aire plus phone interview if necessary

Brain tumour(=10 yrs exposure) Rural areas Urban areas

3.2* (1.2-8.4)
0.9 (0.6-1.4)

Hepworth
2006

Case control
966 cases
1716 controls

Personal interview

Glioma
= 10 yrs

0.94 (0.78-1.13)
0.90 (0.63-1.28)

Hardell 2006b

Case-control
359 cases
692 controls

Qu'aire plus phone interview if necessary

Malignant brain tumour

2.6* (1.5-4.3) - analogue
1.9* (1.3-2.7) -digital
2.1* (1.4-3.0) - cordless

Schuz 2006

Case-control
366 glioma
381 meningioma
Controls 1:2 ratio

Personal interview

Glioma
= 10 yrs (12 cases)
Meningioma

0.98 (0.74-1.29)
2.20 (0.94-5.11)
0.84 (0.62-1.13)

Hardell 2006c

Case control
905 cases
2162 controls

Qu'aire plus phone interview if necessary

Malignant brain tumour, multivariate analysis for > 10 years use

1.9* (1.4-2.6)
analogue
1.9 (0.98-3.8)
digital
1.3 (0.8-2.0)
Cordless

Lahkola 2006

Meta-analysis of 12 studies, participants with > 5 years of MP use;
2780 intracranial tumors, including 1352 gliomas and 527 meningiomas

All intracranial tumors
glioma,
meningioma,

0.98 (0.83-1.16)

0.96 (0.78-1.18)
0.87 (0.72-1.05)

Schuz 2006d

Cohort
420,095 persons

List of cell phone subscribers All cancers

All cancers
Brain and NS
- men
- women
Glioma
Meningioma
Acoustic neuroma

0.95* (0.93-0.97)
0.97
0.96 (0.87-1.05)
1.03 (0.82-1.26)
1.01 (0.89-1.14)
0.86 (0.67-1.09)
0.73 (0.50 – 1.03)

Klaeboe 2007

Case control
289 glioma
207 meningioma
358 controls

Personal interview + phone interview if necessary

Glioma
= 6 years (55 cases
Meningioma

0.6* (0.4-0.9)
0.8 (0.5-1.2)

0.8 (0.5-1.1)

Lahkola 2007

Case control 1521 glioma cases

3301 controls

Personal interview + phone interview if necessary

Glioma regular use

Ipsilateral ≥ 10 years

0.78* (0.7-0.9)

1.39* (1.01-1.92)

Hours 2007

Case control
96 glioma cases, 96 controls

145 meningioma cases, 145 controls

Personal interview

Glioma
Ipsilateral

Meningioma

1.15 (0.65-2.05)
1.15 (0.55-2.43)

0.74 (0.43-1.28)

Mild 2007
Pooled analysis of 2 case-control studies

Meningioma

Malignant brain tumours

>=10 years and >2000 hours

High-grade astrocytoma

analogue 1.05* (1.01-1.09)
analogue 1.08* (1.04-1.11)

analogue 9.6* (3.5-27)
digital 5.9* (1.01-34)

analogue 1.10* (1.06-1.14)
digital 1.11* (1.06-1.16)

Hardell 2007
Meta-analysis long-term MP users (>=10 years).
Gliomas – 2566, Meningiomas – 642 (long-and short term users)
Glioma

Meningioma

1.2 (0.8-1.9)
ipsilateral 2.0 (1.2-3.4)

1.3 (0.9-1.8)
ipsilateral 1.7 (0.99-3.1)

Hardell 2008 Updated meta-analysis (including studies published in 2007) of long –term MP users
Glioma

Meningioma

1.2 (0.8-1.9)
ipsilateral 2.0* (1.2-3.4)

1.3 (0.9-1.8)
ipsilateral 1.7 (0.99-3.1)

Takebayashi
2008

Case-control

88 gliomas, 132 meningiomas, 102 pituitary adenomas
683 individually matched controls Personal interviews
Glioma
>=10 years
ipsilateral

Meningioma
>=10 years
ipsilateral

Pituitary adenoma
>=10 years

1.22 (0.63-2.37)
0.58 (0.09-3.86)
1.24 (0.67-2.29)

0.70 (0.42-1.16)
1.35 (0.31-5.93)
1.14 (0.65-2.01)

0.90 (0.50-1.61)
1.15 (0.22-5.18)
No increasing trend for either tumour with an increase in mean maxSAR, cumulative maxSAR-year or maxSAR-hour

Kan 2008
Meta-analysis of 9 case-control studies;
5,259 cases of primary brain tumours and 12,074 controls

All primary brain tumours

Long term users (>=10 years)
Analogue
Digital

0.90* (0.81-0.99)

1.25* (1.01-1.54)

1.13 (0.83-1.54)
0.86 (0.68-1.09)

Lahkola 2008 Case-control study of 1209 meningioma cases and 3299 population-based controls. Personal and telephone interview
Meningioma

Long-term users (>=10 years)

Cumulative hours of use >514

Analogue
Digital
0.76* (0.65, 0.89)

0.85 (0.57-1.26)

0.88 (0.68-1.13)

0.76* (0.58-0.98)
0.74* (0.63-0.87)

Hartikka 2009 Case-case analysis of 99 gliomas. Exposed cases – those with tumor mid-point within 4.6 cm from the most likely location of the MP; unexposed cases –distance >4.6 cm Personal interviews. Tumor location determined on the basis of CT or MRI imaging.
Glioma
Regular MP use
2-539 hr of MP use
>540 hr of MP use
Ipsilateral use
Contralateral use
0.5-5 years of use
>5 years of use

2.58 (0.65-10.26)
3.36 (0.84-13.42)
2.52 (0.45-13.93)
1.34 (0.26-6.20)
4.93* (1.13-21.46)
3.39 (0.83-13.76)
1.96 (0.38-10.17)
(reference - never/nonregular users)

Schoemaker 2009
Case-control of 291 cases of pituitary tumours and 630 controls Personal interview
Pituirary tumors
Overall
Long-term users
10 or more y after 1st use
10 or more years cumulative use
Highest quartile cumulative # of calls
Highest quartile of hours of use
Analog vs Digital

Schoemaker 2009
Case-control of 291 cases of pituitary tumours and 630 controls Personal interview
Pituirary tumors
Overall
Long-term users
10 or more y after 1st use
10 or more years cumulative use
Highest quartile cumulative # of calls
Highest quartile of hours of use
Analog vs Digital
0.9 (0.7-1.3)

1.0 (0.5-1.9)

1.1 (0.5-2.4)

1.2 (0.7-1.9)

1.1 (0.7-1.7)

No association

Acoustic neuroma: This is a tumour of the auditory nerve, and is also known as acoustic neurilemoma or vestibular schwannoma. It is a benign tumour and has slow growth. Its incidence is in the range of 1 - 20 per million population per year (Christensen 2004). It manifests itself by hearing loss, dizziness, and tinnitus (a ringing in the ears). There have been a number of studies that have examined the association between this tumour and cell phone use, and these are summarised below. Most have very few cases that have used cell phones for 10 years or more. Hardell's study is unusual in that an increased risk was reported in those with > 5 years use.

Table 2: Studies of Acoustic neuroma. Odds Ratio (OR); ipsilateral use= MP use same side as tumour; contralateral use= MP use other side than tumour

Author	# of cases	OR any use	OR>5	OR>10	Comment
Inskip 2001	96	0,8 (0.5-1.4)			Very few cases with > 5 yrs use
Muscat 2002	90	0.9 (p=0.07)			For 3-6 yrs use (n = 11), OR 1.7 (0.5-5.1)
Hardell 2002	38	3.5* (1.8-6.8)	(n = 26) 3.7* (1.6-8.6)	(n = 7) 3.5* (0.7-16.8)
Christensen 2004	106	0.9 (0.51, 1.57)	(n = 17)(5-9 yrs) 0.86 (0.39-1.93)	(n = 2) 0.22	Ipsilateral use: OR = 0.68 (p=0.02)
Lonn 2004	148	1.0 (0.6-1.5)	(n = 30) (5-9 yrs) 1.1 (0.7-2.0)	(n = 11) 1.6 (0.7-3.6)	Ipsilateral use: all durations 1.1 (0.7-1.6); 5-9 yrs 1.4 (0.7-2.6); ≥ 10 yrs 3.1* (1.2-.4) Contralateral use: all durations 0.9 (0.6-1.4); 5-9 yrs 0.9 (0.5-1.8); ≥ 10 yrs 0.9 (0.2-3.1)
Schoemaker 2005	678	0.9 (0.7-1.1)	(5-9 yrs) 0.9 (0.7-1.2)	1.1 (0.7-1.8)	Ipsilateral use: OR = 0.9 (0.7-1.1); for >10 years since first use, OR = 1.3 (0.8-2.0); OR for >10 lifetime years of use = 1.8* (1.1-3.1)
Hardell 2005	84	Anal 4.2 (1.8-10) Dig 2.0 (1.05-3.8)	(n=11) 5-10 years: 2.4 (n=23) 2.0	(n=7) 1.5 (0.6-3.6) (n=1) 0.5 8.4 (1.6-45) with a >15-year latency period
Takebayashi 2006	101	0.73 (0.43- 1.23)	(n=19) 1.09 (0.58-2.06)	(n=1)	Ipsilateral use: OR=0.9 (0.5-1.62) Contralateral use: OR=0.93 (0.55-1.59)
Lahkola et al. 2006	605		1.07 (0.89-1.30)		Meta-analysis of 12 studies of long-term (>5 years) users
Klaeboe 2007	45	0.5 (0.2-1.0)	≥ 6 years: (n=7) 0.5 (0.2-1.4)	0	Ipsilateral use 0.7 (0.3-1.4)
Schlehofer 2007	97	0.67 (0.38-1.19)	(n=8) 0.53 (0.22-1.27)	0	OR for persistent noise exposure = 2.31* (1.15-4.66); for hay fever = 2.20* (1.09-4.45)
Hours 2007	109	0.92 (0.53-1.59)	0	0	Ipsilateral use 0.62 (0.32-1.20)
Mild 2007		1.12* (1.06-1.17)			Pooled analysis of 2 case-control studies. Analogue phone use
Hardell 2007	648			1.3 (0.6-2.8)	Ipsilateral use 2.4* (1.1-5.3). Meta-analysis, including 8 studies on acoustic neuroma
Hardell 2008		0.9 (0.7-1.1)		1.3 (0.6-2.8)	Ipsilateral use 2.4* (1.1-5.3). Updated meta-analysis, including 9 studies on acoustic neuroma
Kan 2008	922	0.96 (0.83-1.10)			Meta-analysis, including 3 studies on acoustic neuroma

Figures in parentheses after ORs represent 95% confidence intervals.
Schuz (2006), in a cohort study, found a standardized incidence ratio for acoustic neuroma of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.50-1.03

Hardell (2007) summarised the results from two cohort studies and 16 case-control studies of brain tumour risk amongst long-term users of cell phones. They concluded:

"Results from present studies on use of mobile phones for ≥ 10 years give a consistent pattern of an increased risk for acoustic neuroma and glioma. The risk is highest for ipsilateral exposure".

C) Other studies

Agarwal (2008) - semen quality
Balik (2005) – ocular symptoms
Balikci (2005) - neurological symptoms and sensations
Bergamaschi (2004) - thyroid dysfunctions
Chia (2000) - central nervous system complaints
Davidson and Lutman (2007) - audiovestibular system
Divan (2008) - prenatal and postnatal exposure and behavioral problems in children
Fejes I (2005) - semen quality
Hallberg (2005) - Alzheimer's disease
Hocking (1998) - general symptoms
Kucer (2008) – ocular symptoms
Landgrebe (2009) – tinnitus and EMF hypersensitivity
Mortazavi (2007) - general symptoms
Oftedal (2000) - general symptoms
Rothman (1996) - mortality rates
Sandstrom ( 2001) – subjective symptoms
Schüz J (2009) - Central Nervous System Diseases
Wilen (2003) - general symptoms
Söderquist (2007) - cell phone use in children
Söderquist (2009) - blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Szyjkowska (2005) – subjective symptoms
Thomas (2008a) – acute and chronic symptoms in adults
Thomas (2008b) – acute and chronic symptoms in children and adolescents (study description)
Wdowiak (2007) – semen quality
Westerman (2004) - peripheral nerve effects Wilen (2003) - general symptoms

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International journal of andrology 2007 Apr; 30(2):115-22.
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Authors
Hardell LO, Carlberg M, Söderquist F, Hansson Mild K, et al.
Title
Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours - increased risk associated with use for > 10 years.
Journal
Occup Environ Med 2007 Sep; 64(9):626-32.
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Authors
Hardell, L.; Carlberg, M.; Soderqvist, F., and Hansson Mild, K.
Title
Meta-analysis of long-term mobile phone use and the association with brain tumours
Journal
Int J Oncol. 2008 May; 32(5):1097-103

Authors
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH.
Title
Epidemiological evidence for an association between use of wireless phones and tumor diseases.
Journal
Pathophys. Mar 5, 2009. Ahead of print.

Authors
Hardell L, Carlberg M.
Title
Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk of brain tumours.
Journal
International Journal of Oncology. (2009). 35(1): 5-17.

Authors
Hartikka H, Heinävaara S, Mäntylä R, Kähärä V, Kurttio P, Auvinen A.
Title
Mobile phone use and location of glioma: A case-case analysis
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics Jan 13, 2009 Ahead of print.

Authors
Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker MJ, Muir KR, Swerdlow AJ, et al.
Title
Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in adults: case-control study.
Journal
BMJ 2006 (published online 20 January)
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Author
Hocking B
Title
Preliminary report: Symptoms associated with mobile phone use.
Journal
Occup Med 1998;48:357-360.
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Author
Hocking B
Title
Japanese mobile phone study.
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British Journal of Cancer 98:1879.

Authors
Hours M, Bernard M, Montestrucq L, Arslan M, et al.
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Téléphone mobile, risque de tumeurs cérébrales et du nerf vestibulaacoustique: l'étude cas-témojns INTERPHONE en France. (Cell phones and risk of brain and acoustic nerve tumours: the French INTERPHONE case-control study.
Journal
Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 2007, doi: 10.10.16/j.respe.2007.06.002
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Authors
Hutter H-P, Moshammer H, Wallner P, Kundi M.
Title
Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations.
Journal
Occup Environ Med 2006;63:307-313.
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Authors
Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Hatch EE, Wilcosky TC, et al.

Title
Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors

Journal
New England Journal of Medicine 2001;344:79-86
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Authors
Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH.

Title
Cellular telephones and cancer - a nationwide cohort study in Denmark.

Journal
J National Cancer Institute 2001;93:203-207.
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Authors
Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH.
Title
Mobile phones and malignant melanoma of the eye
Journal
Brit J Cancer 2002;86:348-349.
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Authors
Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JRW.
Title
Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis.
Journal
J Neurooncol. 2008 Jan; 86(1):71-8.
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Authors
Kaufman DW, Anderson TE, Issaragrisil S.
Title
Risk factors for leukemia in Thailand.
Journal
Ann Hematol. 2009 Mar 18 Ahead of print

Authors
Khurana V G, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, and Carlberg M.
Title
Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data.
Journal
Surg Neurol. 2009 Mar 26 Ahead of print.

Authors
Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, Tynes T.
Title
Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours.
Journal
Eur J Cancer Prev 2007;16:158-164
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Authors
Kristiansen IS, Elstein AS, Gyrd-Hansen D, Kildemoes EW, Nielsen JB.
Title
Radiation from mobile phone systems: Is it perceived as a threat to people’s health?
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics. Mar 23, 2009. Ahead of print.

Author
Kucer, N
Title
Some ocular symptoms experienced by users of mobile phones.
Journal
Electromagn Biol Med. 2008; 27(2):205-9.

Author
Kundi M.
Title
What can be learned from the Japanese study of mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma?
Journal
Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008(65):428.

Authors
Lahkola, A.; Tokola, K., and Auvinen, A.
Title
Meta-analysis of mobile phone use and intracranial tumors
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Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006 Jun; 32(3):171-7

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Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, Schoemaker MJ, et al.
Title
Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries.
Journal
Int J Cancer 2007;120:1769-1775.
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Authors
Lahkola A, Salminen T, Raitanen J, Heinävaara S, Schoemaker M, Christensen HC, Feychting M, Johansen C, Klæboe L, Lönn S, Swerdlow A, Tynes T, Auvinen A.
Title
Meningioma and mobile phone use--a collaborative case-control study in five North European countries.
Journal
Int J Epidemiol. Aug 2, 2008 Ahead of print.

Authors
Landgrebe M; Frick U; Hauser S; Hajak G, Langguth B.
Title
Association of tinnitus and electromagnetic hypersensitivity: hints for a shared pathophysiology?
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PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(3):e5026.

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Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, Cerham JR, et al.
Title
Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Journal
Int J Cancer 2006;119:2382-2388.
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Authors
Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M.
Title
Mobile phone use and the risk of acoustic neuroma.
Journal
Epidemiology 2004;15:653-659.
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Authors
Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M, and the Swedish Interphone study
group.
Title
Long-term phone use and brain tumor risk.
Journal
Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:526-535.
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Authors
Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Christensen HC, Johansen C, et al.
Title
Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor.
Journal
Am J Epidemiol: Published on-line July 3, 2006.
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Authors
Mead MN.
Title
Cancer: strong signal for cell phone effects.
Journal
Environ Health Perspect. 2008;16(10):A422.

Authors
Merzenich H, Schmiedel S, Bennack S, Bruggemeyer H, Philipp J, Blettner M, Schuz J.
Title
Childhood Leukemia in Relation to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Vicinity of TV and Radio Broadcast Transmitters.
Journal
American Journal of Epidemiology 168(10) Ahead of print October 3, 2008 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn230.

Authors
Mild, K. H.; Hardell, L., and Carlberg, M.
Title
Pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies on the use of mobile and cordless telephones and the risk of brain tumours diagnosed during 1997-2003
Journal
Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2007; 13(1):63-71.

Author
Milham S.
Title
Letter to Editor Meningioma and mobile phone use.
Journal
Int J Epidemiol. Apr 22, 2009 Ahead of print.

Author
Morgan L.
Title
Comment: Meningioma and mobile phone use—a collaborative case–control study in five North European countries.
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Int J Epidemio April 22, 2009Ahead of print.

Authors
Mortazavi SMJ, Ahmadi J, Shariati M.
Title
Prevalence of subjective poor health symptoms associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields among university students.
Journal
Biolectromagnetics 2007:28:326-330.
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Authors
Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson ST, Shore RE, et al.

Title
Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer

Journal
JAMA 2000;284:30001-3007
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Authors
Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Shore RE, Thompson S, et al.
Title
Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic neuroma.
Journal
Neurology 2002;58:1304-1306.
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Authors
Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KH
Title
Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use.

Journal
Occupational Medicine 2000; 50:237-245.
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Authors
Pawl R.
Title
Cell phones more dangerous than cigarettes.
Journal
Surgical Neurology 2008;70(5):445-446.

Author
Rothman KJ.
Title
Health effects of mobile telephones.
Journal
Epidemiology Comment on: (2009). 20(5):653-655.

Authors
Sadetzki, S.; Chetrit, A.; Jarus-Hakak, A.; Cardis, E.; Deutch, Y.; Duvdevani, S.; Zultan, A.; Novikov, I.; Freedman, L., and Wolf, M.
Title
Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors--a nationwide case-control study.
Journal
Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Feb 15; 167(4):457-67.

Authors
Sandstrom, M.; Wilen, J.; Oftedal, G., and Hansson Mild, K.
Title
Mobile phone use and subjective symptoms. Comparison of symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones.
Journal
Occup Med (Lond). 2001 Feb; 51(1):25-35.

Authors
Santini R, Santini P, le Ruz P, Danze JM, et al.
Title
Survey study of people living in the vicinity of cellular phone base stations
Journal
Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 2003;22:41-49.
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Authors
Schlehofer B, Schlaefer K, Blettner M, Berg G, et al.
Title
Environmental risk factors for sporadic acoustic neuroma (Interphone Study Group, Germany).
Journal
Eur J Cancer 2007;43:1741-1747.
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Authors
Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Ahlbom A, Auvinen A, et al.
Title
Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries.
Journal
British Journal of Cancer, published on-line August 30, 2005.
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Authors
Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ.
Title
Risk of pituitary tumors in cellular phone users: A case-control study.
Journal
Epidemiology. Mar 9, 2009 Ahead of print.

Authors
Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ.
Title
Risk of pituitary tumors in cellular phone users: A case-control study.
Journal
Epidemiology. Mar 9, 2009 Ahead of print.

Authors
Schuz J, Bohler E, Berg G, Schlehofer B, et al.
Title
Cellular phones, Cordless phones, and the risks of glioma and meningioma (Interphone study group, Germany)
Journal
Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163:512-520.
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Authors
Schuz J, Bohler E, Schlehofer B, Berg K, et al.
Title
Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields emitted from base stations of DECT cordless phones and the risk of glioma and meningioma (Interphone study group, Germany).
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Radiation Research 2006b;166:116-119.
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Authors
Schuz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD Jr., et al.
Title
Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort
Journal
J Natl Cancer Inst 2006d;98:1707-1713.
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Authors
Schüz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C
Title
Risks for Central Nervous System Diseases among Mobile Phone Subscribers: A Danish Retrospective Cohort Study.
Journal
PLoS ONE 2009;4(2): e4389. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004389.

Authors
Söderquist F, Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH.
Title
Ownersship and use of wireless telephones: a population-based study of Swedish children aged 7-14 years.
Journal
BMC Public Health 2007, 7:105 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-105.
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Authors
Soderqvist F, Carlberg M, Hardell L.
Title
Mobile and cordless telephones, serum transthyretin and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: a cross-sectional study.
Journal
Environ Health. 2009 Apr 21 Ahead of print 8(1):19.

Authors
Stang A, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Lash TL, Lommatzsch PK, Taubert G, Bornfeld N, Jöckel K.
Title
Mobile Phone Use and Risk of Uveal Melanoma: Results of the Risk Factors for Uveal Melanoma Case-Control Study.
Journal
Journal of the National Cancer Institute J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jan 21; 101(2):120-3.

Authors
Szyjkowska, A.; Bortkiewicz, A.; Szymczak, W., and Makowiec-Dabrowska, T.
Title
[Subjective symptoms related to mobile phone use--a pilot study].
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Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Oct; 19(112):529-32.

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Takebayashi T, Akiba S, Kikuchi Y, Taki M, et al.
Title
Mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk in Japan.
Journal
Occup Environ Med: Published online 15 August 2006.
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Authors
Takebayashi, T.; Varsier, N.; Kikuchi, Y.; Wake, K.; Taki, M.; Watanabe, S.; Akiba, S., and Yamaguchi, N.
Title
Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: a case-control study.
Journal
Br J Cancer. 2008 Feb 12; 98(3):652-9.

Authors
Thomas, S.; Kuhnlein, A.; Heinrich, S.; Praml, G.; Nowak, D.; von Kries, R., and Radon, K.
Title
Personal exposure to mobile phone frequencies and well-being in adults: a cross-sectional study based on dosimetry.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics. 2008a Sep; 29(6):463-70.

Authors
Thomas S, Heinrich S, Kühnlein A, Radon K
Title
The association between socioeconomic status and exposure to mobile telecommunication networks in children and adolescents.
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics. Jul 13, 2009 Ahead of print.

Authors
Thomas, S.; Kuhnlein, A.; Heinrich, S.; Praml, G.; von Kries, R., and Radon, K.
Title
Exposure to mobile telecommunication networks assessed using personal dosimetry and well-being in children and adolescents: the German MobilEe-study.
Journal
Environ Health. 2008; 7:54.

Authors
Vrijheid M, Richardson L, Armstrong BK, Auvinen A, Berg G, Carroll M, Chetrit A, Deltour I, Feychting M, Giles GG, Hours M, Iavarone I, Lagorio S, Lönn S, McBride M, Parent ME, Sadetzki S, Salminen T, Sanchez M, Schlehofer B, Schüz J, Siemiatycki J, Tynes T, Woodward A, Yamaguchi N, Cardis E. (2009).
Title
Quantifying the impact of selection bias caused by nonparticipation in a case-control study of mobile phone use.
Journal
Ann Epidemiol 19(1):33-41.

Authors
Warren HG, Prevatt AA, Daly KA, Antonelli PJ.
Title
Cellular telephone use and risk of intratemporal facial nerve tumour
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Laryngoscope 2003;113:663-667.
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Authors
Wdowiak, A.; Wdowiak, L., and Wiktor, H.
Title
Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility.
Journal
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007; 14(1):169-72.

Authors
Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KJ
Title
Subjective symptoms among mobile phone users - a consequence of absorption of radiofrequency fields?
Journal
Bioelectromagnetics (2003);24:152-159.
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